Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and transmitted by the bites of phlebotomine sandflies species. The disease may be a diagnostic challenge in nonendemic countries. The following study presents a case of a 6-year-old girl with recurrent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and pancytopenia. During the diagnostic work-up acute leukemia, metabolic diseases and connective tissue diseases were excluded. Second examination of the bone marrow revealed macrophages containing inclusions typical of Leishmania amastigotes. The diagnosis was confirmed by identification of parasite’s DNA in the PCR test of the bone marrow sample and serologic detection of antibodies to Leishmania spp. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B was administered with good effect.