ORIGINAL PAPER
Early risk factors for sensitisation to food allergens in children up to three years old
Publication date: 2018-03-19
Pediatr Pol 2018;93(1):1-11
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
It has been indicated that perinatal factors may affect the increased risk of developing a food allergy, atopic dermatitis, asthma, or allergic rhinitis.
The aim of the study:
To analyse the early risk factors for sensitisation to food allergens in children up to three years of age with suspected food allergy.
Material and methods:
The study included 318 children under three years of age. IgE-sensitisation was stated on the basis of the presence of specific IgE-antibodies (BioCheck, Germany). The positive results of atopy patch tests (APT) (Finn Chambers, Finland) formed the basis for non-IgE-mediated sensitisation.
Results:
The sensitisation to foods was confirmed in 203 children (63.84%), including IgE-mediated sensitisation in 52 (16.35%) and non-IgE-mediated in 151 children (47.48%). In 115 (36.16%) children the test results were negative. Compared with the control group, patients with non-IgE-mediated sensitisation significantly more often inhabited rural areas (22.61% vs. 39.07%, p = 0.004). The frequency of caesarean deliveries was similar in both studied groups (35.1% and 40.38%) and controls (40.87%) (p > 0.05). In the group of children with non-IgE-mediated sensitisation, the average time of breastfeeding was significantly longer than in the control group (3.00 vs. 1.50 months, p = 0.018). Compared with the control group, the children with a positive APT were more often exclusively breastfed (28.48% vs. 15.65%, p = 0.013).
Conclusions:
The method of feeding in the first year of life and place of residence were associated with the development of sensitisation to food allergens. There was no evidence that perinatal factors were crucial for the development of food sensitisation in children up to three years of age.
It has been indicated that perinatal factors may affect the increased risk of developing a food allergy, atopic dermatitis, asthma, or allergic rhinitis.
The aim of the study:
To analyse the early risk factors for sensitisation to food allergens in children up to three years of age with suspected food allergy.
Material and methods:
The study included 318 children under three years of age. IgE-sensitisation was stated on the basis of the presence of specific IgE-antibodies (BioCheck, Germany). The positive results of atopy patch tests (APT) (Finn Chambers, Finland) formed the basis for non-IgE-mediated sensitisation.
Results:
The sensitisation to foods was confirmed in 203 children (63.84%), including IgE-mediated sensitisation in 52 (16.35%) and non-IgE-mediated in 151 children (47.48%). In 115 (36.16%) children the test results were negative. Compared with the control group, patients with non-IgE-mediated sensitisation significantly more often inhabited rural areas (22.61% vs. 39.07%, p = 0.004). The frequency of caesarean deliveries was similar in both studied groups (35.1% and 40.38%) and controls (40.87%) (p > 0.05). In the group of children with non-IgE-mediated sensitisation, the average time of breastfeeding was significantly longer than in the control group (3.00 vs. 1.50 months, p = 0.018). Compared with the control group, the children with a positive APT were more often exclusively breastfed (28.48% vs. 15.65%, p = 0.013).
Conclusions:
The method of feeding in the first year of life and place of residence were associated with the development of sensitisation to food allergens. There was no evidence that perinatal factors were crucial for the development of food sensitisation in children up to three years of age.
REFERENCES (47)
1.
Prescott S, Allen KJ. Food allergy: Riding the second wave of the allergy epidemic. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 155-160.
2.
Benede S, Blazquez AB, Chiang D i wsp. The rise of food allergy: Environmental factors and emerging treatments. E Bio Medicine 2016; 7: 27-34.
3.
Wood RA. Advances in food allergy in 2015. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138: 1541-1547.
4.
Genuneit J, Seibold AM, Apfelbacher CJ i wsp. Overview of systematic reviews in allergy epidemiology. Allergy 2017; 72: 849-856.
5.
Smith PK, Masilamani M, Li XM, Sampson HA. The false alarm hypothesis: Food allergy is associated with high dietary advanced glycation end-products and proglycating dietary sugars that mimic alarmins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139: 429-437.
6.
Prescott SL, Pawankar R, Allen KJ i wsp. A global survey of changing patterns of food allergy burden in children. World Allergy Organ J 2013; 6: 21.
7.
Soares-Weiser K, Takwoingi Y, Panesar SS i wsp. The diagnosis of food allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2014; 69: 76-86.
8.
Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 291-307.
9.
Matricardi PM, Kleine-Tebbe J, Hoffmann HJ i wsp. EAACI Molecular Allergology User’s Guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016: 27 (Suppl 23): 1-250.
10.
Stiefel G, Roberts G. How to use serum-specific IgE measurements in diagnosing and monitoring food allergy. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2012; 97: 29-36.
11.
Kaczmarski M, Wasilewska J, Jarocka-Cyrta E i wsp. Polskie stanowisko w sprawie alergii pokarmowej u dzieci i młodzieży. Post Dermatol Alergol 2011; 28: 331-367.
12.
Wollenberg A, Vogel S. Patch testing for noncontact dermatitis: the atopy patch test for food and inhalants. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13: 539-44.
13.
Krogulska A, Wąsowska-Królikowska K i wsp. Przydatność atopowych testów płatkowych z alergenami pokarmowymi w diagnostyce alergii pokarmowej u dzieci z atopowym zapaleniem skóry. Prz Pediatr 2007; 37: 245-249.
14.
Metsälä J, Lundqvist A, Kaila M i wsp. Maternal and perinatal characteristics and the risk of cow’s milk allergy in infants up to 2 years of age: a case-control study nested in the Finnish population. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171: 1310-1316.
15.
Keski-Nisula L, Karvonen A, Pfefferle PI i wsp. Birth-related factors and doctor-diagnosed wheezing and allergic sensitization in early childhood. Allergy 2010; 65: 1116-1125.
16.
Sánchez-Valverde F, Gil F, Martinez D i wsp. The impact of caesarean delivery and type of feeding on cow’s milk allergy in infants and subsequent development of allergic march in childhood. Allergy 2009; 64: 884-889.
17.
Sybilski AJ, Doboszyńska A, Samoliński B. Wpływ wybranych czynników ryzyka na rozwój chorób atopowych w pierwszych 12 miesiącach życia dziecka. Prz Pediatr 2008; 38: 13-19.
18.
Dowhower Karpa K, Paul IM, Leckie JA i wsp. A retrospective chart review to identify perinatal factors associated with food allergies. Nutr J 2012; 1: 87.
19.
Kuo CL, Chen TL, Liao CC i wsp. Birth month and risk of atopic dermatitis: a nationwide population-based study. Allergy 2016; 71: 1626-1631.
20.
Xu F, Yan S, Zheng Q i wsp. Residential Risk Factors for Atopic Dermatitis in 3- to 6-Year Old Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shanghai, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13: 537.
21.
Stelmach I, Bobrowska-Korzeniowska M, Smejda K i wsp. factors for the development of atopic dermatitis and early wheeze. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014;35: 382-389.
22.
Kabesch M, Lauener RP. Why Old McDonald had a farm but no allergies: genes, environments, and the hygiene hypothesis. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75: 383-387.
23.
Jeong Y, Jung-Choi K, Lee JH i wsp. Body weight at birth and at age three and respiratory illness in preschool children. J Prev Med Public Health 2010; 43: 369-376.
24.
Papathoma E, Triga M, Fouzas S i wsp. Cesarean section delivery and development of food allergy and atopic dermatitis in early childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27: 419-424.
25.
Marrs T, Bruce KD, Logan K i wsp. Is there an association between microbial exposure and food allergy? A systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24: 311-320.
26.
van Nimwegen FA, Penders J, Stobberingh EE i wsp. Mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128: 948-955.
27.
Brew BK, Marks GB. Best matches for CAPS (Childhood Asthma Prevention Study) Investigators. Perinatal factors and respiratory health in children. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42: 1621-1629.
28.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006.
29.
Shields MD, Bush A, Everard ML, McKenzie S, Primhak R; British Thoracic Society Cough Guideline Group. Recommendations for the assessment and management of cough in children. Thorax 2008; 63 (Suppl III):1-15.
30.
Borgna-Pignatti C, Marsella M. Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. Pediatr Ann 2008; 37: 329-337.
31.
Ackerman SJ, Bochner BS. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2007; 27: 357-75.
32.
Duczmal E, Bręborowicz A, Duczmal T. Wpływ wybranych czynników na wystąpienie chorób alergicznych w badaniu kohorty urodzeniowej. Alerg Astma Immun 2011; 16: 96-104.
33.
Peters RL, Allen KJ, Dharmage SC i wsp. Differential factors associated with challenge-proven food allergy phenotypes in a population cohort of infants: a latent class analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45: 953-963.
34.
Koplin JJ, Allen KJ, Gurrin LC i wsp. The impact of family history of allergy on risk of food allergy: a population-based study of infants. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10: 5364-5377.
35.
Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M. Breastfeeding as prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow-up study until 17 years old. Lancet 1995; 346: 1065-1069.
36.
Kramer MS, Matush L, Vanilovich I i wsp. Effect of prolonged and exclusive breast feeding on risk of allergy and asthma: cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2007; 335: 815.
37.
Venter C, Pereira B, Voigt K, Grundy J i wsp. Factors associated with maternal dietary intake, feeding and weaning practices, and the development of food hypersensitivity in the infant. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20: 320-7.
38.
Mihrshahi S, Ampon R, Webb K i wsp. The association between infant feeding practices and subsequent atopy among children with a family history of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 671-679.
39.
Lowe AJ, Carlin JB, Bennett CM i wsp. Atopic disease and breastfeeding - cause or consequence? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: 682-687.
40.
Pyrhönen K,Näyhä S, Hiltunen L, Läärä E. Caesarean section and allergic manifestations: insufficient evidence of association found in population-based study of children aged 1 to 4 years. See comment in PubMed Commons belowActa Paediatr 2013; 102: 982-989.
41.
Edwards MO, Kotecha SJ, Lowe J i wsp. Early-term birth is a risk factor for wheezing in childhood: A cross-sectional population study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136: 581-587.
42.
Morita Y, Iwakura H, Ohtsuka H i wsp. Milk allergy in the neonatal intensive care unit: comparison between premature and full-term neonates. Asia Pac Allergy 2013; 3: 35-41.
43.
Kvenshagen B, Halvorsen R, Jacobsen M. Is there an increased frequency of food allergy in children delivered by caesarean section compared to those delivered vaginally? Acta Paediatr 2009; 98: 324-327.
44.
Boutsikou T, Malamitsi-Puchner A. Caesarean section: impact on mother and child. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100: 1518-1522.
45.
Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking. 5. Parental smoking and allergic sensitisation in children. Thorax 1998; 53: 117-123.
46.
von Mutius E. Asthma and Allergies in Rural Areas of Europe. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2007; 4: 212-216.
47.
Perrier C, Corthésy B. Gut permeability and food allergies. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41: 20-28.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
